2022年考博英语-武汉大学考前拔高综合测试题20（含答案带详解）（含答案带详解）

2022年考博英语-武汉大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题In a perfectly free and open market economy, the type of emplo

2022年考博英语-武汉大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解） 1. 单选题 In aperfectly free and open market economy, the type of employer—government or private—should have little or no impact on the earnings differentials between women and men. However, if there is discrimination against one sex, it is unlikely that the degree of discrimination by government and private employers will be the same. Differences in the degree of discrimination would result in earnings differentials associated with the type of employer. Given the nature of government and private employers, it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would be greater. Thus, one would expect that, if women are being discriminated against, government employment would have apositive effect on women’s earnings as compared with their earnings from private employment. The results of astudy by Fuchs support this assumption. Fuchs’ results suggest that the earnings of women in an industry composed entirely of government employees would be 14. 6percent greater than the earnings of women in an industry composed exclusively of private employees, other things being equal. In addition, both Fuchs and Sanborn have suggested that the effect of discrimination by consumers on the earnings of self-employed women may be greater than the effect of either government or private employer discrimination on the earnings of women employees. To test this hypothesis, Brown selected alarge sample of white male and female workers from the 1970 census and divided them into three categories: private employees, government employees, and self-employed. (Black workers were excluded from the sample to avoid picking up earnings differentials that were the result of racial disparities.) Brown’s research design was controlled for education, labor-force participation, mobility, motivation, and age in order to eliminate these factors as explanation of the study’s results. Brown’s results suggest that men and women are not treated the same by employers and consumers. For men, self-employment is the highest earnings category, with private employment next, and government lowest. For women, this order is reversed. One can infer from Brown’s results that consumers discriminate against self-employed women. In addition, self-employed women may have more difficulty than men in getting good employees and may encounter discrimination from suppliers and from financial institutions. Brown’s results are clearly consistent with Fuchs’ argument that discrimination by consumers has agreater impact on the earnings of