哈工大考博英语真题含答案-3

General English Admission Test For Non-English MajorPh.D. program(Harbin Institute of Technology)Par

GeneralEnglishAdmissionTestForNon-EnglishMajor Ph.D.program (HarbinInstituteofTechnology) PartIReadingComprehension(40points) Passage1 Questions1——5arebashedonthefollowingpassage. Theplanet'slastintactexpansesofforestareundersiege.Eightthousandyearsago, forestscoveredmorethan23millionsquaremiles,orabout40percentofEarth'sland surface.Today,almosthalfofthoseforestshavefallentotheax,thechainsaw,the matchstick,orthebulldoze 匚 AmapunveiledinMarchbytheWashington-basedWorldResourcesInstitutenotonly showsthelocationsofformerforests,butalsoassessestheconditionoftoday'sforests worldwide.InstituteresearchersdevelopedthemapwiththehelpoftheWorld ConservationMonitoringCenter,theWorldWildlifeFund,and90forestexpertsata varietyofuniversities,governmentorganizations,andenvironmentalgroups. Onlyone-fifthoftheremainingforestsarestill"frontierforests,definedasrelatively undisturbednaturalforestslargeenoughtosupportalloftheirnativespecies.Frontier forestsofferanumberofbenefits:Theygenerateandmaintainbiodiversity,protect watersheds,preventfloodingandsoilerosion,andstabilizeclimate. Manylargeareasthathavetraditionallybeenclassifiedasfbrestlanddon'tqualifyas “frontier”becauseofhumaninfluencessuchasfiresuppressionandapatchworkoflogging. "There'ssurprisinglylittleintactforestleft,“saysresearchassociateDirkBryant,the principalauthorofthereportthataccompaniesthenewmap. Inthereport,Bryant,DanielNielsen,andLauraTangleydividetheworldintofour groups:76countriesthathavelostalloftheirfrontierfbrest;11nationsthatare”onthe edge”28countrieswith“notmuchtime”;andonlyeight——includingCanada,Russia, ； andBrazil ----------------- thatstillhavea“greatopportunity”tokeepmostoftheir originalforest.TheUnitedStatesisamongthenationssaidtoberunningoutoftime:In thelower48states,saysBryant,“greatopportunity''tokeepmostoftheiroriginalforest. TheUnitedStatesisamongthenationssaidtoberunningoutoflime:Inthelower48states, saysBryant,“only1percentofthefbrestthatwasoncethereasfrontierforestqualifies today. t4 Loggingposesthebiggestsinglethreattoremainingfrontierforests.Ourresults suggestthat70percentoffrontierforestsunderthreatarethreatenedbylogging,“says Bryant.Thepracticeofcuttingtimberalsocreatesroadsthatcauseerosionandopenthe foresttohunting,mining,firewoodgathering,andlandclearingforfarms. Whatcanprotectfrontierforests?Theresearchersrecommendcombining