英美文学史名词解释

American Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The A

AmericanRealism:InAmericanliterature,theCivilWarbroughtthe RomanticPeriodtoanend.TheAgeofRealismcameintoexistence.It cameasareactionagainstthelieofromanticismandsentimentalism. Realismturnedfromanemphasisonthestrangetowardafaithful renderingoftheordinary,asliceoflifeasitisreallylived.Itexpresses theconcernforcommonplaceandthelow,anditoffersanobjective ratherthananidealisticviewofhumannatureandhumanexperience. 美国现实主义：在美国文学史上，内战宣告了浪漫主义的终结和现实主义的开始。 现实主义反对浪漫主义和感伤主义的谎言，它从一个陌生的世界转向了普通人的 真实生活的描写。它所关心的是普通的下层劳动人民而非理想中的人类本性和现 实经历。 AmericanRomanticism:TheRomanticPeriodcoversthefirsthalfofthe 19thcentury.ArisingAmericawithitsidealsofdemocracyandequality, itsindustrialization,itswestwardexpansion,andavarietyofforeign influenceswereamongtheimportantfactorswhichmadeliterary expansionandexpressionnotonlypossiblebutalsoinevitableinthe periodimmediatelyfollowingthenation’spoliticalindependence.Yet, romanticsfrequentlysharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics:moral enthusiasm,faithinvalueofindividualismandintuitiveperception,and apresumptionthatthenaturalworldwasasourceofgoodnessand man’ssocietiesasourceofcorruption.Romanticvalueswere prominentinAmericanpolitics,art,andphilosophyuntiltheCivilWar. Theromanticexaltationoftheindividualsuitedthenation’s revolutionaryheritage anditsfrontieregalitarianism. 美国浪漫主义：浪漫主义阶段涵盖了世纪前半页。美国的不断壮大和发展以 19 及随之而来的明珠和平等的思想、工业化的发展、西北边疆的不断扩展和国外的 各种影响使浪漫主义作家文学不但成为一种可能，而且使它成为美国政治独立后 的一种必然。然而，浪漫主义文学往往有很多共性：他们热心于道德、相信个人 主义价值观和对世界的直观感受，并且他们认为自然世界是真、善、美的源泉而 人类社会则是堕落的根源。在内战以前，浪漫主义价值观占据是政治、艺术、和 哲学等领域，浪漫主义者对个人的赞扬正好迎合了美国的革命遗风和边疆开拓者 的品均主义。 AmericanTranscendentalism:theemergenceoftheTranscendentalists asanidentifiablemovementtookplaceduringthelate1820sand 1830s,buttherootsoftheirreligiousphilosophyextendedmuch fartherbackintoAmericanreligioushistory.Transcendentalismand evangelicalProtestantismfollowedseparateevolutionarybranchesfrom AmericanPuritanism,takingastheircommonancestortheCalvinismof theseventeenthandeighteenthcenturies.Theyspokeforcultural