集成电路(外文翻译)

Integrated circuit (IC) IntroducionIntegrated circuit also called microelectronic circuit or chip

Integratedcircuit(IC) Introducion Integratedcircuitalsocalledmicroelectroniccircuit orchipanassemblyofelectroniccomponents,fabricatedas asingleunit,inwhichminiaturizedactivedevices(e.g., transistorsanddiodes)andpassivedevices(e.g.,capacitors andresistors)andtheirinterconnectionsarebuiltupona thinsubstrateofsemiconductormaterial(typicallysilicon). Theresultingcircuitisthusasmallmonolithic“chip,” whichmaybeassmallasafewsquarecentimetresoronlya fewsquaremillimetres.Theindividualcircuitcomponentsare generallymicroscopicinsize. Integratedcircuitshavetheiroriginintheinventionof thetransistorin1947byWilliamB.Shockleyandhisteamat theAmericanTelephoneandTelegraphCompany'sBell Laboratories.Shockley'steam(includingJohnBardeenand WalterH.Brattain)foundthat,undertherightcircumstances, electronswouldformabarrieratthesurfaceofcertain crystals,andtheylearnedtocontroltheflowofelectricity throughthecrystalbymanipulatingthisbarrier.Controlling electronflowthroughacrystalallowedtheteamtocreatea devicethatcouldperformcertainelectricaloperations,such assignalamplification,thatwerepreviouslydonebyvacuum tubes.Theynamedthisdeviceatransistor,fromacombination ofthewordstransferandresistor(seephotograph).Thestudy ofmethodsofcreatingelectronicdevicesusingsolid materialsbecameknownassolid-stateelectronics.Solid-state devicesprovedtobemuchsturdier,easiertoworkwith,more reliable,muchsmaller,andlessexpensivethanvacuumtubes. Usingthesameprinciplesandmaterials,engineerssoon learnedtocreateotherelectricalcomponents,suchas