外文翻译及原文---族群与集群竞争力-其他专业

英文文献资料（一）Clusters and the New Economics of CompetitionMichael E. Porter（Harvard university）Why Clust

（一） 英文文献资料 ClustersandtheNewEconomicsofCompetition MichaelE.Porter Harvarduniversity （） WhyClustersAreCriticaltoCompetition Moderncompetitiondependsonproductivity,notonaccesstoinputsorthescaleof how individualenterprises.Productivityrestsoncompaniescompete,notontheparticularfields theycompetein.Companiescanbehighlyproductiveinanyindustry–shoes,agriculture,or semiconductors–iftheyemploysophisticatedmethods,useadvancedtechnology,andoffer uniqueproductsandservices.Allindustriescanemployadvancedtechnology;allindustriescan beknowledgeintensive. Thesophisticationwithwhichcompaniescompeteinaparticularlocation,however,is 1 stronglyinfluencedbythequalityofthelocalbusinessenvironment.Companiescannotemploy advancedlogisticaltechniques,forexample,withoutahighqualitytransportationinfrastructure. Norcancompanieseffectivelycompeteonsophisticatedservicewithoutwell-educatedemployees. Businessescannotoperateefficientlyunderonerousregulatoryredtapeorunderacourtsystem thatfailstoresolvedisputesquicklyandfairly.Someaspectsofthebusinessenvironment,suchas thelegalsystem,forexample,orcorporatetaxrates,affectallindustries.Inadvancedeconomies, however,themoredecisiveaspectsofthebusinessenvironmentareoftenclusterspecific;these constitutesomeofthemostimportantmicroeconomicfoundationsforcompetition. Clustersaffectcompetitioninthreebroadways:first,byincreasingtheproductivityof companiesbasedinthearea;second,bydrivingthedirectionandpaceofinnovation,which underpinsfutureproductivitygrowth;andthird,bystimulatingtheformationofnewbusinesses, asif whichexpandsandstrengthenstheclusteritself.Aclusterallowseachmembertobenefitit asif hadgreaterscaleorithadjoinedwithothersformally–withoutrequiringittosacrificeits flexibility. ClustersandProductivity. Beingpartofaclusterallowscompaniestooperatemore productivelyinsourcinginputs;accessinginformation,technology,andneededinstitutions; coordinatingwithrelatedcompanies;andmeasuringandmotivatingimprovement. BetterAccesstoEmployeesandSuppliers. Companiesinvibrantclusterscantapintoan existingpoolofspecializedandexperiencedemployees,therebyloweringtheirsearchand transactioncostsinrecruiting.Becauseaclustersignalsopportunityandreducestheriskof relocationforemployees,itcanalsobeeasiertoattracttalentedpeoplefromotherlocations,a decisiveadvantageinsomeindustries. Awell-developedclusteralsoprovidesanefficientmeansofobtainingotherimportant inputs.Suchaclusteroffersadeepandspecializedsupplierbase.Sourcinglocallyinsteadoffrom distantsupplierslowerstransactioncosts.Itminimizestheneedforinventory,eliminates importingcostsanddelays,and–becauselocalreputationisimportant–lowerstheriskthat supplierswilloverpriceorrenegeoncommitments.Proximityimprovescommunicationsand makesiteasierforsupplierstoprovideancillaryorsupportservicessuchasinstallationand