翻译理论集锦

termstranslationTranslation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means o

1. terms 1) translation Translationisthecommunicationofthemeaningofasource-languagetextbymeansofanequivalent target-languagetext.Whileinterpretingthefacilitatingoforalorsign-languagecommunicationbetweenusersof — differentlanguagesantedateswriting,translationbeganonlyaftertheappearanceofwrittenliterature.There — existpartialtranslationsoftheSumerianEpicofGilgamesh(ca.2000BCE)intoSouthwestAsianlanguagesofthe secondmillenniumBCE. Translatorsalwaysriskinappropriatespill-overofsource-languageidiomandusageintothetarget-language translation.Ontheotherhand,spill-overshaveimportedusefulsource-languagecalquesandloanwordsthathave enrichedthetargetlanguages.Indeed,translatorshavehelpedsubstantiallytoshapethelanguagesintowhichthey havetranslated. OwingtothedemandsofbusinessdocumentationconsequenttotheIndustrialRevolutionthatbeganinthe mid-18thcentury,sometranslationspecialtieshavebecomeformalized,withdedicatedschoolsandprofessional associations. Becauseofthelaboriousnessoftranslation,sincethe1940sengineershavesoughttoautomatetranslationor tomechanicallyaidthehumantranslator.TheriseoftheInternethasfosteredaworld-widemarketfortranslation servicesandhasfacilitatedlanguagelocalization. Translationstudiessystematicallystudythetheoryandpracticeoftranslation. 2) Translationmethods 翻译方法是翻译活动中，基于某种翻译策略，为达到特定的翻译目的所采取的特 定的途径、步骤、手段。 Literaltranslation:meansnottoaltertheoriginalwordsandsentences,itstrivestokeepthesentimentsand styleoftheoriginal.Ittakessentencesasitsbasicunitsandtakesthewholetextintoconsiderationatthesame timeintheideologicalcontextandthestyleoftheoriginalworksandretainsasmuchaspossiblethefiguresof speech.egpapertigerwordforword 纟纸老虎 Liberaltranslation:isanalternativeapproachwhichisusedmainlytoconveythemeaningandspiritoftheoriginal withouttryingtoreproduceitssentencepatternsorfigureofspeech.EgAdamsapplesenseforsense ；'喉结 3) Translationstrategies 翻译策略是翻译活动中，为实现特定的翻译目的所依据的原则和所采纳的方案集合。 Aplan orpolicydesignedforaparticularpurpose. ForeignizationSchleiermacher:Leave 异化：尽量不要打扰原作者，而是把读者带向原作者。 theauthorinpieceasmuchaspossible,andmovethereadertowardhim. ”尽量保留原文的语言、文学、文化特 . 质，保留异国风 DomesticationSchleiermacher:Leavetheauthorin 归化：尽量不要打扰原作者，而是把作者带向读者。“ pieceasmuchaspossible,andmovetheauthortowardreader. ”具体表现为在翻译中，尽量用目的语读者喜闻 乐见的语言、文学、文化要素来替换源语的语言、文学、文化要素，恪守、回归目的语的语言、文学和文 化规范 4) equivalence Iiwas studiestendedtoconcernhowbesttoattain"equivalence".Theterm"equivalence"distinctmeanings, advocatedby correspondingtodifferentschoolsofthought.IntheRussian"equivalence"wasusuallyaone-to-one Jakobson. correspondencebetweenlinguisticforms,orauthorizedtechnicaltermsorphrases,suchthat Throughto "equivalence"wasopposedtoa the1950sand 1960s, discussionsintranslationhadtwotradition,apairofrangeof"substitutions".However,intheFrenchtraditionof