(38.3国际经济学双语讲稿
Pl Since the Great Depression of the 1930s, governments have actively pursued the goal of a fully em
SincetheGreatDepressionofthe1930s,governmentshaveactivelypursuedthegoal Pl 1]:2030 批注[李自世纪年代大萧条以来,各国政府一直 ofafullyemployedeconomywithpricestability.Theyhaveusedfiscalandmonetary 积极追求实现充分就业和价格稳定的经济目标。他们利用财 policiestoachievethisgoal.| 政和货币政策来实现这一目标。 Thissectiondescribestheeffectofmonetaryandfiscalpolicyinanopeneconomy. internal Whataretheobjectivesofmacroeconomicpolicy?Oneofthemisknownas P2 2]: 批注[李本节描述开放经济中货币和财政政策的效果。 balance, thisgoalhastwodimensions:afullyemployedeconomyandnoinflation. 3]: 批注[李宏观经济政策的目标是什么?其中一个是内部 Nationstraditionallyhaveconsideredinternalbalancetobeofprimaryimportanceand 1 均衡,这个目标有两个方面充分就业和零通货膨胀。各国传 formulatedeconomicpoliciestoattainthisgoal.Policymakersarealsoawareofanation 统上认为内部均衡是最重要的,并制定了实现这-目标的经 externalbalance scurrentaccountposition.Anationissaidtobeinwhenitrealizes 济政策。政策制定者还会关注一个国家的经常账户状况。当 overallbalance neitherdeficitsnorsurplusesinitscurrentaccount.Aneconomyrealizes 一个国家的经常账户既不存在赤字也不存在盈余时,就被称 whenitattainsinternalbalanceandexternalbalance. 为处于外部均衡状态。当一个经济体达到内部均衡和外部均 Besidespursuinginternalandexternalbalance,nationshaveothereconomicgoals P3 衡时,它就实现了整体均衡。 longruneconomicgrowthreasonablyequitabledistributionofnational suchasanda income. Thediscussioninthissectionisconfinedtothepursuitofinternalbalance. 4]: 批注[李除了追求内部和外部的均衡,国家还有其他的 Toattainexternalandinternalbalance,policymakersenactexpenditurechanging P4 经济目标,如长期的经济增长和合理公平的国民收入分配。 Expenditurechangingpolicies policies,expenditureswitchingpolicies,anddirectcontrols. 本节的讨论仅限于追求内部均衡。 altertheleveloftotalspending,thatis,aggregatedemandforgoodsandservices, fiscalpolicy includingthoseproduceddomesticallyandthoseimported.Theyinclude 5]: 批注[李为了达到外部和内部的均衡,决策者可以制定 monetarypolicy that//referstochangesingovernmentspendingandtaxes,andbya 支出改变政策、支出转移政策和直接控制。支出改变政策改 nation'scentralbank(suchasthePeople'sBankofChina),thatreferstochangesinthe 变了总支出水平,即对商品和服务的总需求(包括国内生产 moneysupplyandinterestrates. 的和进口的)。支出改变政策包括财政政策 Expenditureswitchingpolicies modifythedirectionofdemand,shiftingitbetween P5 domesticoutputandimports. (即政府支出和税收的变化),以及一国央行(如中国人 fixedexchangerates, Underasystemofanationwithatradedeficitcoulddevalueits 民银行)制定的货币政策(即货币供应量和利率的变 currencytoincreasetheinternationalcompetitivenessofitsfirms,thusdivertingspending 化), fromforeignproducedgoodstodomesticallyproducedgoods. managedfloatingexchangerate Toincreaseitscompetitivenessunderasystem,a 6]: 批注[李支出转移政策改变了需求的方向,使需求在国 nationcouldpurchaseothercurrencieswithitscurrencycausingitscurrency'sexchange 内产出和进口之间转移。 valuetodepreciate. 7]: 批注[李在固定汇率制度下,一个有贸易逆差的国家可 Directcontrols consistofgovernmentrestrictionsonthemarketeconomy.Theyare P6 以使其货币贬值,以提高其企业的国际竞争力,从而将支出 selectiveexpenditureswitchingpolicieswhoseobjectiveistocontrolparticularitemsin 从外国生产的商品转移到国内生产的商品上(备注:本币贬 thecurrentaccount.Directcontrolssuchastariffsareleviedonimportsinanattemptto 值,进口商品变得更加昂贵,导致原来购买进口商品的消费 switchdomesticspendingawayfromforeignproducedgoodstodomesticallyproduced 者转而购买本国生产的替代品)。 goods. Rememberwhatyoulearnedinyourmacroeconomicsclass,monetarypolicyand P7 -------------------------------------------- fiscalpolicyarethemainmacroeconomictoolsbywhichgovernmentcaninfluencethe 8]: 批注[李在有管理的浮动汇率制度下,为了提高竞争 * performanceofaneconomy. 力,一国可以用本国货币购买其他货币,导致本国货币的 Inanopeneconomy,theroleoffiscalandmonetarypolicywillbeaffectedbyexternal 汇率贬值。 factorssuchasimports,exportsandcapitalflows,andthereforedifferentfromthatofa closedeconomy.Thekeyquestioniswhetheranexpansionarymonetarypolicyorfiscal 9]: 批注[李直接控制指政府对市场经济的管制。它们是有 policyinanopeneconomyismoreorlesseffectiveinincreasingrealGDPthanitisina 选择的支出转移政策,其目的是控制经常帐户的特定项目。 1 closedeconomy.Theanswertothisquestionisinfluencedbyacountrysdecisionto 对进口商品征收关税等直接管制措施,是为了将国内支出从 adoptasystemoffixedorfloatingexchangerates,asdiscussedbelow. 10]: 国外生产的商品转向国内生产的商品。(|丝-批注[李 Inaclosedeconomy,anexpansionarymonetaryorfiscalpolicyhasasingleeffecton 回想你在宏观经济学课上学过的,货币政策和财政政策是政 aggregatedemand:itcausesaggregatedemandtoexpandbyincreasingdomestic 府影响经济表现的主要宏观经济工具。 11]: 批注[李在开放经济中,财政和货币政策的作用会受 到进口、出口和资本流动等外部因素的影响,因此不同于封 闭经济。问题的关键是,与封闭经济相比,开的

