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chapter 4Deep structure deviationrefers to se__ntic deviation. It is linguistic effect, which involv

chapter4 Deepstructuredeviation referstose__nticdeviation.Itislinguisticeffect,whichinvolves somethingoddinmeaningofalinguisticunit,i.e.awordoraphrase. Contradiction （矛盾）。 Atypeofse__nticdeviationwhichconveysself-conflictinginfor__tion Oxymoron （矛盾修饰法、逆喻，如） cruelkindness （结合） Oxymoronreferstotheyokingtogetheroftwoexpressionsthatarenotcompatible （可以并存的、相容的） inthenor__lsense,sothatincombinationtheyh__enocon__ivable （可想到的、可相信的） literalreferen__inreality. Examples:asthewretchedcreaturemumbledandchuckledinherhideousmerriment,the OliverTwist undertakerturnedtogoaway.() hideousmerriment ____ysis:Thesu_____contradictionofthetwowordsandaptlyshowsthe extentoftheoldwo__n’sidiocy. ：似是而非的隽语 Paradox 陈述荒谬的 astatementwhichisabsurdbecauseitself-evidently false,aseeminglycontradictorystatementthatnonetheless__ybetrue. Examples:itwasabright,colddayinApril,andtheclockswerestrikingthirteen. ____ysis:thesecondclauseofthesenten__isastatementthatisextremelyabsurdforin realitynoclockstrikesbeyondtwelve.Throughtheuseoftheparadox,Orwellseemsto hintthatthewholestorywillbeabsurd. 转移 Transferen__ :Asaliterarypracti__itreferstotheuseoflanguagewhichleads 理解形象的标准、水平 people’scomprehensiontothefigurativeplane. Synecdoche 提喻法 :thefigureofspeechthatusesaparttorefertothewhole,ortousea particularthingofakindtorefertothewholespeciesorkindorvi__versa. Returntoher? No,ratherIa__ureallroofsandchoose… Tobeacomradewiththewolfandowl. Shakespeare,thetamingoftheshrew Here,roofsrefertowholehousesorbuildings. Metonymy :atypeoftransferen__,whichinvolvessubstitutionofanattributeofa__rtain thingforthewholeratherthanthesubstitutionrelationshipbetweenthepartandthe whole. ： Example “thekettleboils”refersto“thewaterinthekettleboils” Sometimes,theideawouldh__ebeenexpressedmushlesseffectively,ifmetonymshad notbeenused. Metaphor : Thewayoftalkingaboutonethingbymeansoforintermsofanotherthingonthe basisofa__rtainsimilaritybetweenthesetwo. Awayofdescribingsomethingbysayingithasthequalitiesofsomethingelse,it comparesthingswithoutusingthewords“as”or“like” Thesunshineofher__ile Whatatoadthat__nis! __kethelanguagemorevividly.