工程管理专业英语全文翻译

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Unit1theowner’sperspective1 第单元业主的观点 1.2MajorTypesofConstruction1.2 大建筑类型 Sincemostownersaregenerallyinterestedinacquiringonlyaspecifictypeofconstructedfacility,theyshouldbeawareofthecommon industrialpracticesforthetypeofconstructionpertinenttothem[1].Likewise,theconstructionindustryisaconglomerationofquite diversesegmentsandproducts.Someownersmayprocureaconstructedfacilityonlyonceinalongwhileandtendtolookforshortterm advantages.However,manyownersrequireperiodicacquisitionofnewfacilitiesand/orrehabilitationofexistingfacilities.Itistotheir advantagetokeeptheconstructionindustryhealthyandproductive.Collectively,theownershavemorepowertoinfluencethe constructionindustrythantheyrealizebecause,bytheirindividualactions,theycanprovideincentivesforinnovation,efficiencyand qualityinconstruction[2].Itistotheinterestofallpartiesthattheownerstakeanactiveinterestintheconstructionandexercise beneficialinfluenceontheperformanceoftheindustry. 由于大多数业主通常只对获得特定类型的建筑设施感兴趣，所以他们应该了 [1] 解与他们有关的建筑类型的常见工业实践。同样，建筑行业是一个相当多样化的部门和产品的集团。一些业主可能会长时间 / 采购建筑设施一次，并倾向于寻找短期优势。然而，许多业主需要定期收购新设施和或修复现有设施。保持建筑业的健康和生 产力是有利的。总的来说，业主对施工行业的影响力比他们意识到的要大，因为他们可以通过个人行动来提供创新，效率和施 [2] 工质量的激励。所有各方的利益，业主积极兴趣，对行业表现有利影响。 Inplanningforvarioustypesofconstruction,themethodsofprocuringprofessionalservices,awardingconstructioncontracts,and financingtheconstructedfacilitycanbequitedifferent.Forthepurposeofdiscussion,thebroadspectrumofconstructedfacilitiesmay beclassifiedintofourmajorcategories,eachwithitsowncharacteristics. 在规划各类施工时，采购专业服务，授予施工合同，建设设 施融资方式可能有很大的不同。为了讨论的目的，广泛的建筑设施可以分为四个主要类别，每个类别都有自己的特点。 ResidentialHousingConstruction 住宅建设 Residentialhousingconstructionincludessingle-familyhouses,multi-familydwellings,andhigh-riseapartments[3].Duringthe developmentandconstructionofsuchprojects,thedevelopersorsponsorswhoarefamiliarwiththeconstructionindustryusuallyserve assurrogateownersandtakecharge,makingnecessarycontractualagreementsfordesignandconstruction,andarrangingthefinancing andsaleofthecompletedstructures[4].Residentialhousingdesignsareusuallyperformedbyarchitectsandengineers,andthe constructionexecutedbybuilderswhohiresubcontractorsforthestructural,mechanical,electricalandotherspecialtywork.An exceptiontothispatternisforsingle-familyhousesasisshowninFigure1-2,whichmaybedesignedbythebuildersaswell. Theresidentialhousingmarketisheavilyaffectedbygeneraleconomicconditions,taxlaws,andthemonetaryandfiscalpoliciesofthe government.Often,aslightincreaseintotaldemandwillcauseasubstantialinvestmentinconstruction,sincemanyhousingprojectscan bestartedatdifferentlocationsbydifferentindividualsanddevelopersatthesametime[5].Becauseoftherelativeeaseofentry,atleast atthelowerendosthemarket,manynewbuildersareattractedtotheresidentialhousingconstruction.Hence,thismarketishighly competitive,withpotentiallyhighrisksaswellashighrewards.[3] 住宅建设包括单户住房，多户住宅和高层公寓。在开发和建设这 些项目时，熟悉建筑行业的开发商或赞助商通常作为代理业主，负责设计和建造的必要合同协议，并安排完成的建筑物的融资 [4] 和销售。住宅设计通常由建筑师和工程师进行，建筑师由结构，机械，电气和其他专业工作的分包商执行施工。这种模式的 1-2 一个例外是单户住宅，如图所示，也可以由建设者设计。 住房市场受到一般经济状况，税法以及政府货币和财政政策的严重影响。通常，总需求略有增加将对建设进行大量投资，因为 [5] 许多住房项目可以在不同的地点由不同的个人和开发商同时启动。由于入口相对容易，至少在市场上较低端，许多新建筑商 被吸引到住宅房屋建设中。因此，这个市场竞争激烈，风险高，回报率高。 Institutionalandcommercialbuildingconstructionencomprassesagreatvarietyofprojecttypesandsizes,suchasschoolsand universities,medicalclinicsandhospitals,recreationalfacilitiesandsportsstadiums,retailchainstoresandlargeshoppingcenters, warehouseandlightmanufacturingplants,andskyscrapersforofficesandhotels,asisshowninFigure1-3[6].Theownersofsuch buildingsmayormaynotbefamiliarwithconstructionindustrypractices,buttheyusuallyareabletoselectcompetentprofessional consultantsandarrangethefinancingoftheconstructedfacilitiesthemselves.Specialtyarchitectsandengineersareoftenengagedfor