老师新编简明英语语言学教程第二版第4章答案

《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版 第4章 练习题 参考答案Chapter 4 Syntax1. What is syntax?Syntax is a branch of linguistics th

4 《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版第章练习题参考答案 Chapter4Syntax 1.Whatissyntax? Syntaxisabranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandthe rulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences. 2.Whatisphrasestructurerule? Thegrammaticalmechanismthatregulatesthearrangementofelements(i.e.specifiers,heads,and complements)thatmakeupaphraseiscalledaphrasestructurerule. ThephrasestructuralruleforNP,VP,AP,andPPcanbewrittenasfollows: NP(Det)N(PP)... → VP(Qual)V(NP)... → AP(Deg)A(PP)... → PP(Deg)P(NP)... → WecanformulateasinglegeneralphrasalstructuralruleinwhichXstandsfortheheadN,V,A orP. TheXPrule: XP(specifier)X(complement) → 3.Whatiscategory?Howtodetermineaword'scategory? Categoryreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsina particularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseoraverb. Todetermineaword'scategory,threecriteriaareusuallyemployed,namelymeaning,inflection anddistribution. 若详细回答，则要加上： Wordcategoriesoftenbearsomerelationshipwithitsmeaning.Themeaningsassociatedwith nounsandverbscanbeelaboratedinvariousways.Thepropertyorattributeoftheentitiesdenotedby thatprettylady nounscanbeelaboratedbyadjectives.Forexample,whenwesay,weareattributing theproperty‘pretty’totheladydesignatedbythenoun.Similarly,thepropertiesandattributesofthe actions,sensationsandstatesdesignatedbyverbscantypicallybedenotedbyadverbs.Forexample,in Jennyleftquietlyquietly theadverbindicatesthemannerofJenny'sleaving. Thesecondcriteriontodetermineaword'scategoryisinflection.Wordsofdifferentcategories boydeskswork takedifferentinflections.Suchnounsasandtakethepluralaffix-.Verbssuchasand helpedingquietclever takepasttenseaffix-andprogressiveaffix-.Andadjectiveslikeandtake erest comparativeaffix-andsuperlativeaffix-.Althoughinflectionisveryhelpfulindetermininga word'scategory,itdoesnotalwayssuffice.Somewordsdonottakeinflections.Forexample,nouns moisturefogsfrequentintelligent like,,donotusuallytakepluralsuffix-andadjectiveslike,donot erest takecomparativeandsuperlativeaffixes-and-. Thelastandmorereliablecriterionofdeterminingaword'scategoryisitsdistribution.Thatis whattypeofelementscanco-occurwithacertainword.Forexample,nounscantypicallyappearwith adeterminerlikethegirlandacard,verbswithanauxiliarysuchasshouldstayandwillgo,and verycooltoobright adjectiveswithadegreewordsuchasand. Aword'sdistributionalfactstogetherwithinformationaboutitsmeaningandinflectional