生物专业英语课文中英互译
Lesson OneInside the Living Cell: Structure andFunction of Internal Cell PartsCytoplasm: The Dynamic
LessonOne InsidetheLivingCell:Structureand FunctionofInternalCellParts Cytoplasm:TheDynamic,MobileFactory() 细胞质:动力工厂 Mostofthepropertiesweassociatewithlifearepropertiesofthecytoplasm.Muchofthemassofacell consistsofthissemifluidsubstance,whichisboundedontheoutsidebytheplasmamembrane.Organelles aresuspendedwithinit,supportedbythefilamentousnetworkofthecytoskeleton.Dissolvedinthe cytoplasmicfluidarenutrients,ions,solubleproteins,andothermaterialsneededforcellfunctioning. 生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成,并由细胞膜(原生质膜)包被。细 胞器悬浮在其中,并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质,离子,可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生 理需求的其它物质。 TheNucleus:InformationCentral (细胞核:信息中心) Theeukaryoticcellnucleusisthelargestorganelleandhousesthegeneticmaterial(DNA)onchromosomes. (Inprokaryotesthehereditarymaterialisfoundinthenucleoid.)Thenucleusalsocontainsoneortwo organelles-thenucleoli-thatplayaroleincelldivision.Apore-perforatedsaccalledthenuclearenvelope separatesthenucleusanditscontentsfromthecytoplasm.Smallmoleculescanpassthroughthenuclear envelope,butlargermoleculessuchasmRNAandribosomesmustenterandexitviathepores. 真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器,细胞核对染色体组有保护作用(原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中)。细胞 mRNA 核含有一或二个核仁,核仁促进细胞分裂。核膜贯穿许多小孔,小分子可以自由通过核膜,而象和核糖 体等大分子必须通过核孔运输。 Organelles:SpecializedWorkUnits (细胞器:特殊的功能单位) Alleukaryoticcellscontainmostofthevariouskindsoforganelles,andeachorganelleperformsaspecialized functioninthecell.Organellesdescribedinthissectionincluderibosomes,theendoplasmicreticulum,the Golgicomplex,vacuoles,lysosomes,mitochondria,andtheplastidsofplantcells. 所有的真核细胞都含有多种细胞器,每个细胞器都有其特定功能。本节主要介绍核糖体,内质网,高尔基体系, 液泡,溶酶体,线粒体和植物细胞中的质体。 Thenumberofribosomeswithinacellmayrangefromafewhundredtomanythousands.Thisquantity reflectsthefactthat,ribosomesarethesitesatwhichaminoacidsareassembledintoproteinsforexportor foruseincellprocesses.Acompleteribosomeiscomposedofonelargerandonesmallersubunit.During proteinsynthesisthetwosubunitsmovealongastrandofmRNA,"reading"thegeneticsequencecodedinit andtranslatingthatsequenceintoprotein.SeveralribosomesmaybecomeattachedtoasinglemRNA strand;suchacombinationiscalledapolysome.Mostcellularproteinsaremanufacturedonribosomesin thecytoplasm.Exportableproteinsandmembraneproteinsareusuallymadeinassociationwiththe endoplasmicreticulum. 核糖体的数量变化从几百到几千,核糖体是氨基酸组装成蛋白质的重要场所。完整的核糖体由大亚基和小亚基组 mRNAmRNA 成。核糖体沿着移动并阅读遗传密码,翻译成蛋白质。一条上可能有多个核糖体,称多聚核糖体。 大多数细胞蛋白是由细胞质中核糖体生产。输出蛋白和膜蛋白通常与内质网有关。 Theendoplasmicreticulum,alacyarrayofmembranoussacs,tubules,andvesicles,maybeeitherrough (RER)orsmooth(SER).Bothtypesplayrolesinthesynthesisandtransportofproteins.TheRER,which isstuddedwithpolysomes,alsoseemstobethesourceofthenuclearenvelopeafteracelldivides. 内质网,带有花边的生物囊,有管状,泡状之分,以及光滑和粗糙面区别。两种都与蛋白质的合成和运输有关。 粗糙内质网上分布许多核糖体,也可能提供细胞分裂后所需的细胞膜。 SERlackspolysomes;itisactiveinthesynthesisoffatsandsteroidsandintheoxidationoftoxicsubstances inthecell.Bothtypesofendoplasmicreticulumserveascompartmentswithinthecellwherespecific productscanbeisolatedandsubsequentlyshuntedtoparticularareasinoroutsidethecell. 光滑内质网上无核糖体,主要作用是脂肪和类固醇的合成以及细胞内有毒物质的氧化。两种内质网合成的产物在 其中进行分流或运输到细胞外。

