托福阅读机经：研究婴儿感知能力的方法(共享)

托福阅读机经：研究婴儿感知能力的方法在对婴儿感知能力的研究屮，许多技术被应用于确定婴儿对不同刺激的反应，山于他们(婴儿)无法用言 语表达或者填写问卷，所以自然观察的非宜接性技术被应用于确定婴儿看，听，

托福阅读机经：研究婴儿感知能力的方法 在对婴儿感知能力的研究屮，许多技术被应用于确定婴儿对不同刺激的反应，山于他们(婴儿)无法用言 语 表达或者填写问卷，所以自然观察的非宜接性技术被应用于确定婴儿看，听，感知等的要表达的木意 Methods of Studying Infant Perception In the study of perceptual abilities of infants, anumber of techniques are used to determine infants' responses to various stimuli Because they cannot verbalize or fill out questionndires, indirect techniques of naturalistic observation are used as the ・ primary means of determini ng what infants can see, hear, feel, and so forth Each of these methods compares an infant's state prior ・ to the introduction of astimulus with its state during or immediately^ following the stimulus The difference between the two ・ measures provides the researcher with an in dication of the level and duratio nof the response to the stimulus Eor example, if a ・ uniformly moving pattern of some sort is passed across the visual field of aneonate (newborn), repetitive following movemcnts of the eye occur. The occurrence of these eye movements provides evidence that the moving pattern is perceived at some level by the ， newborn. Similarly, changes in the infants general level of motor activity —turning the head, blinking the eyes, crying, and so forth — have been used by researchers as visual indicators of the infant's perceptual abilities ・ Such techniques, however, have limitations. First, the observation may be unreliable in that two or more observers may not agree that the particu lar response occurred, or to what degree it occurred Second, responses are difficult to quantify. Often the ・ rapid dnd diffuse movements of the inf ant make it difficult to get an accurate record of the nu mber of responses The third, and ・ ， most potent, limitation is that it is not possible to be certain that the infants response was due to the stimulus presented or to a change from no stimulus to astimulus The infant may be responding to aspects of the stimulus different than those identified by ・ the investigator. Therefore, when observational assessment is used as atechnique for studying infant perceptual abilities, care must be taken not to overgeneralize from the data or to rely on one or two studies as conclusive evidence of aparticular perceptual ability of the infant ・ Observational assessment techniques have become much more sophisticated, reducing the limitations just presented. Film analysis of the infant's responses, heart and respiration rate monitors, and normutritive sucking devices are used as effective tools in understanding infant perception Filin analysis permits researchers to carefully study the infant" sresponses over and over ・ and in slow motion. Precise measurements can be made of the length and frequency of the infant's attention between two stimuli ・ Heart and respiration monitors provide the investigator with the number of heartbeats or breaths taken when anew stimulus is presented Numerical increases are used as quantifiable indicators of heightened interest in the new stimulus Increases in ・・