英语国家概况名词解释

William the Conqueror 威廉征服: William was Duke of Normandy. He landed his army in Oct.1066 and defeate

1. William the Conqueror :William was Duke of Normandy. He 威廉征服 landed his army in Oct.1066 and defeated king Harold. Then he was crowned king of England on Christmas Day the same year. He established astrong Norman government and the feudal system in England. 建立了封建制度 2. Doomsday Book----It is abook compiled by agroup of clerks under the sponsorship of King William the First in 1086. The book was in fact aproperty record. It was the result of ageneral survey of England. It recorded the extent, value, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land. It was one of the important measures adopted by William Ito establish the full feudal system in England. Today, it is kept in the Public Records Office in London. 为了可靠地记录所有的土地、佃户和他们的财产并查明他们 能交多少税，威廉派官员编了一本财产清册，称为《末日审判书》。因为对英国 人来说，这本土地清册无疑就是最后审判日那天众王之王所用的《末日书》。 1086 1085 此册完成于年，它记录了年作的英国全国总调查的结果。此册陈述 了土地的范围、价值、人口、耕种情况和所有权。现在《末日审判书》保存在伦 1086 敦的公共档案馆里。从此册可以看出，在年，农村约有一半的耕地掌握在 10 () 个承租人贵族手里，其中只有两个是英国贵族，约五分之一土地归国王本 人所有。其余大多数属于主教、修道院院长和其他修道院头领 3. the Black Death----It is amodern name given to the dearly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread through Europe in the fourteenth century particularly in 1348-1349. It came without warning, and without any cue. In England, it killed almost half of the total population, causing far-reaching economic consequences. 黑死病是现代名称，指的是由鼠身上的 14 跳蚤传播的致命的淋巴腺鼠疫引起的传染疾病。世纪传播到欧洲，尤其是在 1347 -1350 1348 年。年夏天横扫全英国，事先毫无征兆。但重要的是无药可 救。不论贫富不放过任何人，死亡迅速而痛苦。它夺去了二分之一到一半的英 50 14 400 国人的生命，加上随后年中发生的流行病，英国的人口在世纪末从万 200 税减至万。 4. The Wars of Roses----the name Wars of the Roses was 玫瑰战争 refer to the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Henry Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in 1485 and put ht country under the rule of the Tudors. From these Wars, English feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened.. 是对外战争和国内不稳定导致贵族们 13 14551485 之间冲突再起，却令人回想起世纪的麻烦。至年间政局不稳定 是两支金雀花家族争斗引起的，它们是兰开斯特家族和约克家族。实际上，玫瑰 19 战争这个词是世纪的大作家瓦尔特司考特创造的，但它已被普遍接受，专指 · 这两个家族间的战争。因为红玫瑰代表兰开斯特家族，而白玫瑰则是约克家族 的象征尽管玫瑰战争断断续续进行了三十年，但普通民众所受影响甚微，他们照 80 常从事各自营生。封建制度却遭受了致命打击。不少于位皇族血统的贵族阵